Saturday, August 17, 2019
Analysis around Freuds view of the human mind Essay
This essay aims to discuss the key ideas behind Freudââ¬â¢s theories, including his model of the mind, psychosexual development, repression and cure through therapeutic techniques. Sigman Freud (1856 to 1939) was an Austrian physician, with an interest in the workings of the subconscious mind. ââ¬Å"Freud spent his life trying to produce coherent a set of theories to explain all human behavioural, but never achieved his goal of one grand theory, (Benson, 1999, P48).à According to Freud, the mind has three levels of consciousness. The conscious equates to 1/7th of the mind, being ââ¬Ëthe awareness we have when awake.ââ¬â¢ The pre-conscious, is a boundary containing memories of dreams, and causing slips of the tongue. Finally, the unconscious. Making up 6/7ths of the mind and containing ââ¬Ëthoughts completely hidden and unavailable to us,ââ¬â¢ (Benson, 1999, P47). Freudââ¬â¢s model divides the mind in to three parts: the Id, Ego and Superego. He believed that the first to develop was the Id, operating on the pleasure principle, in the unconscious mind. The Id ââ¬Ëis the dark, inaccessible part of our personality,ââ¬â¢ (Freud, 1933 p27). It drives a baby to seek pleasure, like ââ¬Ëdrink food warmth and comfort and avoid the unpleasureable, like hunger, being wet and coldâ⬠¦ The Id is selfish and ââ¬Ënot concerned with social rules, but only with self gratification,ââ¬â¢ (Cardwell et al, 1997 p549). The Id is made of two components. Benson (1999, P51) describes the first, Libido, as ââ¬Ëthe inborn energy we have that motivates us to survive.ââ¬â¢ The second component, Freud named Thanatos, and described as the death instinct, expressed through aggression towards self and others. Cardwell et al (1997) explain that the Idââ¬â¢s discharge of energy and excitation without regard for consequence is known as primary proc ess thinking. At around two years old the human mind recognises the need to be realistic and plan for the future, rather than surviving on primary instinct. Thus the ego develops. Operating on the reality principle, it battles the Id for control of behaviour. Unlike the Id, the Ego has a partly conscious, secondary thought process. ââ¬ËThe ego is still, however, essentially selfish, i.e. protecting the individual from harm,ââ¬â¢ (Benson, 1999, p51). At around 3, we start to absorb influence from our parents and the Super Ego begins to develop. The Super Ego expands from our learned morals and the conventions of society. ââ¬ËSuper means above ââ¬â looking down and monitoring the ââ¬Å"Id-Egoâ⬠Battle,ââ¬â¢ (Benson, 1999, P52). Like the Ego, the Super Ego is partly conscious; however it is not selfish and considers others too. As it develops it becomes ââ¬Ëour social conscience and guides us towards sociably acceptable behaviour.ââ¬â¢ (Cardwell et al, 1997, p549).à Freud was responsible for modern societyââ¬â¢s understanding of the effects childhood experiences can have on adult personalities. He split the childhood into five stages of psychosexual development. During the first, the Oral stage from 0 to 2 years, the only drive present is the Id. Focused on survival, the Id drives the baby to feed by suckling. Thus the mouth becomes the main source of pleasure. Benson (1999, p52) states that ââ¬Ëthrough oral satisfaction the baby develops trust and an optimistic personality.ââ¬â¢Ã From 2 to 3 years, the child becomes aware of its bowels and how to control them. Here begins the Anal Stage, as ââ¬Ëthe focus of gratification shifts to the anusâ⬠¦ aiding with potty training,ââ¬â¢ a vital step to independence and survival, (Benson, 1999, P54). However, withholding elimination goes against the Idââ¬â¢s nature of random discharge without regard for consequence. This results in the requirement for an ego to develop, ââ¬Ëand as such has important implications in the personality later in life,ââ¬â¢ (Cardwell et al, p550, 1997). The phallic stage, from 3 to 5 years, starts when children become aware of sexual differences and become curious about their own genitals. Benson (1999) explains that boys will develop differently to girls from here on. Boys will develop Oedipus Complex and unconsciously experienced a sequence of sub stages. Firstly he will develop a strong desire for his mother. Then, after noticing the strong (sexual) bond between her and his father, he will become deeply jealous of his father and hate him. The boyââ¬â¢s fear of his father uncovering these thoughts instils a fear of the ultimate punishment, castration. The boy resolves that to avoid castration by pleasing his farther, and at the same time impress his mother, he must become like his father. This is called identification. Girls, having unconsciously concluded that they have already been castrated, do not develop the same fears. Though, ââ¬Ësince their mother is the same, girls also end up identifying, i.e. adopting their motherââ¬â¢s morality and gender roles. This was always rather vagueââ¬â¢ and known as the Electra Complex (Benson, 1999, p56).
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