Wednesday, July 31, 2019
English Conjunctions
Conjunctions A conjunction is a word which joins two sentences to complete their meaning. There are two kinds of conjunctions: 1. Co-ordinating Conjunctions: When the conjunction is used to join two statements of equal importance, the conjunction is said to be a co-ordinating conjunction. Examples : and, but, or, not, for, either, neither 2. Subordinating Conjunctions: When the conjunction joins two statements, one of which depends on the other for its full meaning, the conjunction is said to be a subordinating conjunction.Examples : before, after, since, because, if, though, which, who A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence. There seem to be three basic types of conjunctions. They are:à coordinating conjunctionsà used to connect two independent clauses,à subordinating conjunctionsà used to establish the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence, andà correlative conjunctionsà which always travel in pair s, joining various sentence elements that should be treated as grammatically equal. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSCoordinating conjunctions may join single words, or they may join groups of words, but they must always join similar elements: e. g. subject+subject, verb phrase+verb phrase, sentence+sentence. The seven coordinating conjunctions in English are: FOR ââ¬â is to introduce the reason for the preceding clause AND ââ¬â joins two similar ideas together NOR ââ¬â The conjunction nor is not extinct, but it is not used nearly as often as the other conjunctions. Its most common use is as the little brother in the correlative pair, neither-nor BUT ââ¬â joins two contrasting ideas togetherOR ââ¬â joins two alternative ideas YET ââ¬â is very similar to ââ¬Ëbut' as it also joins two contrasting ideas together SO ââ¬â shows that the second idea is the result of the first An easy way to remember these six conjunctions is to think of the word FANBOYS. Each of the letters in this somewhat unlikely word is the first letter of one of the coordinating conjunctions. Among the coordinating conjunctions, the most common, of course, are AND, BUT and OR. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS A subordinating conjunction is a word which joins together a dependent clause and an independent clause.There are numerous subordinating conjunctions. The more commonly used ones are listed below. For a more comprehensive list seeà http://webster. commnet. edu/grammar/conjunctions. htm#nor BECAUSE, AS, SINCE ââ¬â are used to introduce the cause in a cause effect relationship between two ideas SO ââ¬â introduces an effect in a cause effect relationship between two ideas ALTHOUGH, (even) THOUGH, WHEREAS, WHILE ââ¬â are used to express contrast between ideas AFTER ââ¬â is used to show timeAlthough documentation of the developmental order of the remaining subordinate conjunctions is missing, the best guess scenario would be: BECAUSE and SINCE, as they also in troduce the cause in a cause-effect relationship SO would likely seem to follow as it introduces the effect in a cause-effect relationship ALTHOUGH, (even) THOUGH, WHEREAS, WHILE may follow next as they express the contrast between ideas AFTER which expresses time concepts COrrelative CONJUNCTIONS Some conjunctions combine with other words to form what are called correlative conjunctions.They always travel in pairs, joining various sentence elements that should be treated as grammatically equal. Here is a brief list of common correlative conjunctions. both . . . andnot only . . . but alsonot . . . buteither . . . orneither . . . norwhether . . . oras . . . as| Types of Conjunctions A conjunction is a word that links words, phrases, or clauses. There are three types of conjunctions:à coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, andà subordinating conjunctions.Coordinating Conjunctionsà may join single words, or they may join groups of words, but they must always join si milar elements such as subject+subject, verb phrase+verb phrase, or sentence+sentence. When a coordinating conjunction is used to join elements, the element becomes a compound element. Examples:à and, but, or, yet, for, nor, so Correlative Conjunctionsà also connect sentence elements of the same kind, however, unlike coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. Examples: both ââ¬â and not only ââ¬â but also not ââ¬â but ither ââ¬â or neither ââ¬â nor whether ââ¬â or as ââ¬â as Subordinating Conjunctions: These are the largest class of conjunctions. They connect subordinate clauses to a main clause. They are adverbs used as conjunctions. Examples: Time: after, before, since, when, while, until Reason: because, since, so that, why Place: where, wherever Condition: if, unless, until, in case Manner: as if, as though, how When we write, we use conjunctions to ââ¬Å"connect words, phrases, and clauses, showing the relation ship between and among them,â⬠à as Schartonà and Neuleib describe (2001, p. 96). There are four types of conjunctions that writers can use. Let's review each type as a way to reflect on the different kinds of relationships that conjunctions can be used to reveal. Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions should usedà when the elements have an equal relationship. Examples of coordinating conjunctions includeà for, and, nor, but, or, yet,à andà so. Ex. Hall does not deny that the early colonists were overwhelmingly Christian,à butà he does recognize that not everyone practiced his or her eligion with the same zeal and fervor that is generally assumed in Puritan communities. Note that with this type of conjunction, you are connecting two sentences (making a compound sentence). In order to prevent this compound sentence from being a run-on sentence, a comma must precede the coordinating conjunction. Correlative Conjunctions Correlative conjunctions are u sed in pairs and also connect equal elements. Examples of correlative conjunctions includeà eitherâ⬠¦or, whetherâ⬠¦or, not onlyâ⬠¦but also, bothâ⬠¦and,à andneitherâ⬠¦nor. Ex.It is another interesting phenomenon of history that any conflict within post-World War II Germany,à whetherà between the two Germanysà orà between two sets of Germans, often resulted in one sideââ¬â¢s claiming that the other used had fascist tactics. Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctionsà are used to show the relationship of the subordinate clause (a group of related words that contains a subject and predicate but cannot stand alone) to the rest of the sentence. Examples of subordinating conjunctions includeà while, after, until, when, where, before, if, that, unless, because, although, though,à andà whether.Ex. Sherry walked to school this morning because her car battery was dead. Conjunctive Adverbs While they are not true conjunctions, conjunctive ad verbs often function as conjunctions. They don't show relationshipsà withinà a sentence, but rather show the relationship between two independent clauses (a complete sentence, or a group of related words that contain a subject, a predicate, and can stand alone). Examples of conjunctive adverbs includeà also, consequently, furthermore, however, indeed, instead, meanwhile, moreover, nonetheless, similarly, therefore, thus, besides, next, specifically,à andà subsequently.Ex. A first glance at his bibliography gives the appearance that the work may rely somewhat heavily on secondary source material;à however, a number of primary sources are also used, and it should be noted that the publication dates of the secondary source material range throughout the span of the study. Note that two complete sentences are connected. Therefore, a semicolon is needed. The semicolon shows that the two sentences are closely related and that the writer wants the two sentences to stay linked in the writerââ¬â¢s mind, while showing where one sentence ends and the next one begins.Notice also that a comma follows the conjunctive adverb. Test Your Knowledge| | Check your understanding by correcting the following sentences. Hint: Use the structure of the sentence as a guide to the relationship. Choose a conjunction or conjunctive adverb accordingly. 1. ___________ most of the work is a quantitative study proving the educational lag of Mexican American children, Carterââ¬â¢s work also pays significant attention to educational history. 2.Changes in party emphasis allowed for increasing segments of workers to join; however, dissent with Stalinââ¬â¢s policies was less tolerated; ___________ , many of these policies, particularly those of Stalin, were ambiguous due to the secretiveness and suspicion within the inner ranks. 3. At this time the existence of the relationship between science and religion produced a group of thinkers called Deists who believed that no knowledge could be held of a creator except his existence as necessary for natural law, _________ as in any group of theological thinkers, there were differences in perspectives on what this meant. . One provision allowed for the sale of public lands belonging to the perpetual school fund, the proceeds of which would _________ go directly to the public school fund ________ be distributed among the counties. Answers: 1. Whileà most of the work is a quantitative study proving the educational lag of Mexican American children, Carterââ¬â¢s work also pays significant attention to educational history. The first part of this sentence is subordinate to the second part. Therefore, a subordinating conjunction would be used.Others that could work in this context would beà thoughà andà although. 2. Changes in party emphasis allowed for increasing segments of workers to join; however, dissent with Stalinââ¬â¢s policies was less tolerated;à furthermore, many of these policies, particularly those of Stalin, were ambiguous due to the secretiveness and suspicion within the inner ranks. Here the second sentence serves as an addition to another sentence, so a conjunctive adverb is needed. Because it is an addition,à furtherà andà furthermoreà are the best options. . At this time the existence of the relationship between science and religion produced a group of thinkers called Deists who believed that no knowledge could be held of a creator except his existence as necessary for natural law,à butà like any group of theological thinkers, there were differences in perspectives on what this meant. This sentence calls for a coordinating conjunction. Either of these sentences could work independent of each other. The wordà butà works best here because it shows contrast. 4.One provision allowed for the sale of public lands belonging to the perpetual school fund, the proceeds of which wouldà eitherà go directly to the public school fundà orà be distributed among the counties. Here the two blanks should have been the clue that a correlative conjunctions was required. They are the only ones used in pairs. | | What are conjunctions? Sure, they're joining words, but they're much more than that. Conjunctions are the words that decide the importance of the various other words in the sentence. Coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions each have their own purpose. * DefinitionConjunctions are words that link other words, phrases, or clauses. There are three types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions. * Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions connect two words or groups of words with similar values. In other words, coordinating conjunctions may connect two words, two phrases, two independent clauses, or two dependent clauses. For example, in each of the following sentences, the coordinating conjunction ââ¬Å"andâ⬠connect s equal words or groups of words: Connects two words:à John and Reggie stayed up all night practicing their guitars.Connects two phrases:à The squirrel scurried up the tree trunk and onto a low branch. Connects two clauses:à Several managers sat with their backs to us, and I could almost hear them snickering at us lowly workers. Connect with Classrooms www. ePals. com/Join Easily Connect with classrooms all over the world, Join ePals today! Ads by Google There are only seven coordinating conjunctions in the English language, and they are often remembered by using the acronym ââ¬Å"FANBOYSâ⬠: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. * Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions connect two groups of words by making one into a subordinating clause.The subordinating clause acts as one huge adverb, answering the questions ââ¬Å"whenâ⬠or ââ¬Å"whyâ⬠about the main clause, or imposing conditions or opposition on it. Here are some examples of subordinating co njunctions changing a clause into adverbial subordinating clauses in different ways: * I can go shopping after I finish studying for my exam. (when) * Because the night was young, Gertrude decided to take a walk. (why) * Iââ¬â¢ll give you a dime if you give me a dollar. (condition) * Although he never figured out why, Hanna winked on her way out the door. (opposition) Note: The subordinating conjunction does not lways come between the two clauses it connects. Often, it comes at the beginning of the first clause. * Correlative Conjunctions Correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. They are similar to coordinating conjunctions because they join sentence elements that are similar in importance. The following are some examples of coordinating conjunctions: Both, and:à Both Rodney and Xing made the varsity team this year. Neither, nor:à Neither Rodney nor Xing made the varsity team this year. Not only, but also:à Not only did Rodney make the varsity team, but he also be come one of the strongest players.Remember these three types of conjunctions ââ¬â coordinate conjunctions, subordinate conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions ââ¬â and you've got one part of speech down pat. Aà conjunctionà connects two or moreà sentences,à clauses, or parts of clauses. Some of the most common conjunctions in English areà and,because,à but,à for,à nor,à so,à until,à when, andà yet. The two main types of conjunctions are coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. There are also correlative conjunctions, copulative conjunctions, adversative conjunctions, disjunctive conjunctions, and final conjunctions. ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â-Coordinating conjunctions Aà coordinating conjunctionà is aà conjunctionà that links two words,à phrases,à clauses, orà sentencesà that are grammatically equivalent. The six wo rds most commonly used as coordinating conjunctions can be remembered with the mnemonic device FANBOYSââ¬âfor,à and,à nor,à but,à or,à yet,à so. Letââ¬â¢s look at a few examples: We have a porcupineà andà a kangaroo. [Andà links two listed elements that are grammatically equivalent. ] You seeà yetà do not hear. [Yetà links two grammatically equivalent actions (seeà anddo not hear) performed byà you. ] We bathed the dog,à butà we couldnââ¬â¢t get him clean. Butà links two independent clauses. ] Coordinating correlative conjunctions Some correlative conjunctions (see below for full definition) can function as joint coordinating conjunctions. For example,à neitherà andà norà in this sentence introduce grammatically equal elements, so they work together as coordinating conjunctions: Neither Joe nor John has any idea what heââ¬â¢s talking about. Coordinating conjunctions and commas For coordinating conjunctions,à commaà use depen ds on the nature of the linked elements. If a coordinating conjunction joins twoà independent clauses, it usually should be preceded by a comma (e. g. We bathed the dog, but we couldnââ¬â¢t get him clean). If a coordinating conjunction links two listed elements, it doesnââ¬â¢t need a comma (e. g. ,à We have a porcupineà andà a kangaroo). ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â- Subordinating conjunctions Aà subordinating conjunctionà is aà conjunctionà that links aà dependent clauseà (also known as a subordinate clause) to anà independent clauseââ¬âfor example: The city recommends everyone stay inside because the winds could be dangerous. In thisà sentence,à becauseà links a dependent clause (because the winds could be dangerous) to the main clause (The city recommends everyone stay inside).We know thisà is subordinating becauseà because the winds could be dangerousà could not normally stand alone as a sentence. Here are some of the most common subordinating conjunctions: after albeit although as because before except if once since| that though unless until when whenever where whether while| Some phrases also function as subordinating conjunctions. Here are some of the most common ones: as if as far as as long as as well as even if even though| that inasmuch as in order to in order that so that such that| ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â- Other types Adversative conjunctionsAdversative conjunctionsà (sometimes known as contrasting conjunctions) areà coordinating conjunctionsà used to express comparisons or contrasts. The element introduced by the adversative conjunction usually qualifies or expresses a caveat with regard to the mainà clauseà of theà sentence. The most common adversative clauses areà butà andà yet, but à still,à however,à albeit,à although, and others are also sometimes adversative. Letââ¬â¢s look at a few examples of adversative conjunctions: Heââ¬â¢s a shyà butà loving little boy. [Naples News] Here, theà phraseà but lovingà creates a contrast to what is expected from theà adjectiveà shy.It is a living part of my spiritual life,à yetà I donââ¬â¢t know if one would call me a religious artist. [Houston Chronicle] In this sentence, theà independent clauseà introduced byà yetà adds information to qualify what was expressed in the main clause. This technology,à althoughà not a foolproof way to monitor abusers, might give victims advance warning that danger is approaching. [Hartford Courant] And in this sentence, theà conjunctionà althoughà introduces information in contrast to the main clause. Correlative conjunctions Correlative conjunctionsà are two or moreà conjunctionsà used to link structurally identical parts of aà se ntence.Here are the most common pairs of correlative conjunctions: eitherââ¬âor| bothââ¬âand| neitherââ¬ânor| not onlyââ¬âbut also| ifââ¬âthen| whetherââ¬âor| Elements linked by correlative conjunctions must have parallel grammatical construction. For example, this is technically incorrect (the conjunctions are underlined): Youââ¬â¢reà eitherà going to love his workà orà hate it. [Thousand Oaks Acorn] For such a construction to be correct, what followsà eitherà and what followsà orà must be syntactically equivalent. A diagram of this example sentence would look like, [Subject]à eitherà [auxiliary verb phrase] [verb] [object]à orà [verb] [object]. â⬠?The segment followingà eitherà has an element (the auxiliary verb phraseà going to) that the segment followingà orà doesnââ¬â¢t have, so the two segments are not parallel. There are two possibilities for correcting this sentence: Youââ¬â¢re going toà eitherà love his workà orà hate it. Eitherà youââ¬â¢re going to love his work,à orà youââ¬â¢re going to hate it. With sentences this short, correlative conjunctions are usually easy to use correctly. But using more complicated constructions involving correlatives such asà not onlyââ¬âbut alsoà andà ifà ââ¬âthencan be tricker. Hereââ¬â¢s another technically flawed use of correlative conjunctions: TTL Inc. s a socially responsible company that isà not onlyà known for innovations in engineeringà but alsoà for its widespread support of education. [UA News] Here, the verbà knownà should precedeà not only, as the phrase followingà but alsoà has no parallel verb. From the same article, hereââ¬â¢s an example of correct correlative conjunction use: TTLââ¬â¢s passion for advanced education is seenà not onlyà in the hours dedicated to volunteering and guest lecturing,à but alsoà through endowed scholarships for prospective engineers at The University of Alabama. Commas and correlative conjunctions . Use noà commaà when the parallel segments are in the sameà clauseââ¬âfor example: It was either really stupid or really brave. Our diversity is not only a challenge but also a gift. b. Use a comma when the two parallel phrases are in separate clausesââ¬âfor example: If thereââ¬â¢s a truly monumental disaster, then appoint the two last presidents to lend a hand. [WSJ] c. But even when two correlative conjunctions are in the same clause, itââ¬â¢s often acceptable to insert a comma before the second conjunction either to create a natural-sounding pause, or to prevent confusion.Copulative conjunctions Copulative conjunctionsà (also known as additive conjunctions) areà coordinating conjunctionsà used to denote addition. Theà conjunctionà indicates that the second word,à phrase,à clause, orà sentenceà contains an additional fact that is related to the earlier word, phrase, clause, or senten ce. Some of the most common copulative conjunctions areà and,à also,à as well as,à moreover,à no less,à andà plus. Some copulative conjunctions may be used to start sentencesââ¬âfor example: My kangaroo can sing. Andà sheââ¬â¢s not too bad. Moreover, she won a Grammy last year.Plus, sheââ¬â¢s a pretty good dancer. In the last two sentences,à moreoverà andà plusà come close to becomingà adverbsà modifying the mainà verbsà of their sentences (wonà and the contractedà is). Such adverbial copulative conjunctions should be set off byà commas. Andà does not need to be set apart. Andà is the only copulative conjunction that can be used to introduce a secondà independent clauseà within a sentenceââ¬âfor example: We ate lunch, and we took a nap. Using any other copulative conjunction in place ofà andà would turn this into aà run-on sentence. Disjunctive conjunctionsDisjunctive conjunctionsà areà conjunctionsà used to sep arate two or more mutually exclusive options presented in aà sentence. When a disjunctive conjunction is used, it usually indicates either that only one of the elements joined by the conjunctions is true, or that none of the elements are true. The conjunctions most commonly used disjunctively areà but,à either,à else,à neither, nor,à or, other, andà otherwise. Some disjunctive conjunctions areà coordinating conjunctionsââ¬âfor example, theà eitherà and theà orà in thisà sentence: Poetry is usually either cheap or free.Here,à eitherà andà orà indicate that poetry is usually one or the other (cheap or free) but not both. Disjunctive pronouns separate these options. Other disjunctive conjunctions donââ¬â¢t need to be coordinated. For example, theà orà in this sentence functions on its own: I might use papier-ma? che, or I might use some kind of wood. Theà orà separates two options, only one of which can be true. And in this sentence, the à neitherà and theà norà are used to indicate that neither option is true: Neither he nor his lawyer could be reached for comment. Final conjunctionsFinal conjunctionsà (also known as illative conjunctions) areà coordinating conjunctionsà used to introduceà clausesà orà phrasesà that draw inferences or conclusions from earlier ones. Some of the most common final conjunctions (some of which are phrases) areà as a consequence,à consequently,à for,à hence,à so,à so that,à so then,à thus, andà therefore. Some final conjunctions introduce phrases withinà sentences. For example, this sentence has two: In turn, this causes other asset prices to fall in those nations,à thusà worsening their banking systems, andà henceà leading to credit contraction and capital flight. NY Times] The phrase introduced byà henceà draws an inference from the phrase introduced byà thus, which in turn draws an inference from the main clause. Some final conju nctions introduce clauses within sentencesââ¬âfor example: Equalize the tax lawsà so thatà employer-provided health insurance and individually owned health insurance have the same tax benefits. [Wall Street Journal] Here, the clause introduced byà so thatà infers what will occur should the action proposed in theà imperative-moodà main clause come to pass.A final conjunction may also be used to start a sentence that draws a conclusion from the preceding sentenceââ¬âfor example: Good writing is always about clarity and insight, precision and accuracy. Therefore, this confusing name calls into question the very quality of the writing instruction that will be given in the new department. [Inside Higher Ed] The second sentence, introduced by the final conjunctionà therefore, draws a conclusion from the first sentence. And hereââ¬â¢s one more example: Our current system provides individuals with little market power in the urchase of health insurance. As a result,à they typically pay exorbitant premiums. [The New Republic] Here, the sentence beginning withà as a resultà shows what the conditions described in the first sentence lead to. OUTLINE 1. Introduction (neu d? nh nghia, vai tro c? a conjunction trong cau, trong l? i noi hang ngay. Cho vi d? ) 2. Types of conjunction 3. 1. Coordinating conjunction a. Definition b. List of coordinating conjunction c. Exercise 3. 2. Subordinating conjunction a. Definition b. List of subordinating conjunction . Exercise 3. 3. Correlative conjunction a. Definition b. List of correlative conjunction c. Exercise Note: * ph? n Definiton neu d? nh nghia, function c? a cac lo? i conjunction nay trong cau * Ph? n List ofâ⬠¦ neu cac lo? i conjunction, cho vi d? , phan tich vi d? , trinh bay v? luu y khi s? d? ng d? u ph? y trong cau khi dung lo? i conjunction nay) * Ph? n exercise neu it nh? t la 10 cau, phan tich vi sao lai dung conjunction do, phan tich function c? a conjunction trong cau) 3. Conclusio n (
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