The Lives of Oprah Winfery and Malcolm X :: essays papers

The Lives of Oprah Winfery and Malcolm X The lives of Malcolm X and Oprah Winfery have some similarities's but mostly differences. The biggest similarities is that they are both very accomplished black American's. Malcolm X was a hustler, robber and a very messed up child. After going to jail he decided to turn his life around. In a few ways Oprah was the same way. She had struggled with her weight all of her life. Finally she decided to do something about it. When Malcolm was a child his family didn't have very much money. They lived in a run-down house with many brother's and sister's. To make matters worse, they were a black family. When he was about fifteen years old his father was run over by a cart. He was nearly cut in half! The police said it was an accident but, Malcolm and his family knew it wasn't. After his father died things went down hill. His mother was so upset by his death that she couldn't take care of her family. Malcolm started to hang out with the wrong people. He became a hustler, he would rob people for money and valuable things they owned. He also started to get into hard drugs during his teenage years. All of this led to him dropping out of school and his mom was put into a mental hospital. When he was seventeen years old he was arrested and put into jail. This was the start of his "new start". He started reading the dictionary! His speed increased incredibly. By reading the dictionary his vocabulary became much better so he started reading books. After serving 8-10 years in jail he got out and started to speak against racism. He was a very strong speaker, which many people, including some whites, listened to. He would always be talking about how the whites didn't treat them right and to fight against them. On February 21, 1965 Malcolm was speaking at a OAAU rally in Harlem and he was shot and killed. Oprah Winfery, a talk show producer and host, actress, and a very charitable person. She began her career in television when she was nineteen years old. She was the youngest and the first African-American woman to be a news anchor at Nashville's WTVF-TV. Nine years after her T.V. career took off she moved to Chicago to host a morning talk show, "A.M. Chicago" which became the number one rated talk show just a month after Oprah took over. In less than a year the show expanded into a hour long program and was renamed, "The Oprah Winfery

Analysis of Unilever’s Risks and Risk Management Strategies Essay

With the rapid development of modern economy, companies are always exposed to risks which are penetrating to all walks of life and not only exist in the products market, but also exist in financial market (Ballou, 2005). It is undoubtedly that risks jeopardize the company’s development in that they may increase the cost of a company’s operation and make it harder for a company to make a crucial decision. Accordingly, it is essential to know risks and find out risk management strategies. This essay will firstly map out Unilever’s business model and have a brief analysis on it. Following this, it will illustrate specifically risks Unilever is exposed to in light of the business model. Meanwhile, it will point out some risks Unilever has not managing enough. Next, the essay will assess some risk management strategies Unilever has taken to mitigate or avoid the risks. Finally, it will recommend the company some more risk management strategies in order to help it mitigate or prevent risks. Analysis of Unilever’s Business Model Business Model A business model, strictly speaking, is the organization’s core logic for creating value (Jane & Susan, 2000). After over 80 years’ development, Unilever has become one of the largest suppliers of consumer products in the world. Its strong portfolio of foods, home and personal care brands is trusted by consumers the world over. Unilever’s top 13 brands account for total sales of over EUR23 billion and top 25 brands represent nearly 75% of the sales (Unilever Annual Report, 2009). Unilever is a well-operated company, and its business model is mapped out as follows: Key Partners Suppliers Contractors Distributors Key Activities Research Design Production Sale Value Proposition Produce innovative and good-quality personal and household care goods for consumers and try to make people feel good and comfortable every day; Produce and sell nutritious foods, such as tea, ice cream, dressing to people and to make them enjoy a better life. Customer Relationships Deliver goods to customers via various channels Customer Segments Huge segment of customers Customers all over the world Key Resources Brands /Labels Employees Production Sites & Lines Technology Information, Intellectual Property, Embracing Diversity Channels Malls Supermarkets Stores Groceries Pharmacies Terminal Markets Cost Structure Research cost, design cost, production cost, supply and sale cost, marketing and promotional spend, management cost Revenue Structure Sales of the consumer goods the company researches, designs and produces. Analysis of the Business Model The business model mapped out above indicates that a multi-national enterprise like Unilever has an integrated and inseparable business chain which is global on the one hand, and multi-level on the other hand, that is, its economic activities involve employees, suppliers, producers, storage, terminal markets, retailers, customers and other beneficiaries (Ian, 2009). Such business model enables Unilever to become a world top supplier of consumer products. However, each coin has two sides. Since the Unilever’s business chain connects each other so closely and relates to numerous parties and factors, thus the company’s whole operation is rather vulnerable and is easily subject to various risks. Risks Exposed to Unilever in light of the Business Model Market Uncertainties As a top supplier of consumer products, Unilever’s business activities are operated within a global, vigorous and competitive market. Its business development is subject to the condition and change of the whole market. Firstly, economic condition plays a crucial role on the development of Unilever’s business as consumption demand and purchase ability of consumers directly influence the sale of the products. 2008 and 2009 were relatively tough years for Unilever due to the global economic crisis (Unilever Annual Report, 2009). The economic downturn reduces consumers’ wealth and makes them unable to buy as many products as before. Meanwhile, customers purchasing ability was greatly undermined and turned to buy those inexpensive but substantial products rather than those top-grade products. Customers’ reactions affect Unilever’s turnover, profit and cash flow. Next, more and more companies are targeting the market of consumer goods due to the attraction of billions of consumers. Thus, the market of consumer goods is just like a piece of pie and is shared by more and more competitors. Therefore, the whole market is uncertain and Unilever has to be well prepared for the fight against the economic uncertainties and the industrial fierce competition. Financial Instability The interest rate risk is a risk brought to the value or the cash flow or profitability of a company when the change of the interest rate occurs. To clarify it more specifically, the floating interest rate exposes the company to the risk of the increased interest cost and the increased borrowing afterwards; while the fixed interest rate makes the company subject to the risk of the loss of the fair value. Meanwhile, as a multinational company whose business activities are operated in more than 180 countries, Unilever is exposed to the risk of the fluctuation of the exchange rate during the process of the change of currencies and the actual value of the currency may be decreased due to such fluctuation (Unilever Annual Report, 2009). Provided that Unilever does not handle the issue of interest rate and exchange rate well, the company may be subject to the exposure of the reduction of cash flow, turnover, profits which may subsequently adversely impact the company’s credit rating, ability to raise funds and confidence of investors. Environmental Risk As a top producer of consumer goods, some waste water is generated for disposal and the company also discharges some CO2 from energy that the company uses in the process of the production (Unilever Annual Report, 2009). In case the said issues are not dealt with appropriately, the environment will probably be polluted. One of the Unilever factories in Brazil discharged a great deal of stink smell to the air due to the false operation in 2008 which impacted upon more than 100 thousand people’s normal life and Unilever was imposed a fine of 10 million Brazilian Real by the Brazilian government due to such pollution (Unilever Annual Report, 2009). Similar accidents will greatly damage the reputation of the company as not only the government but also common people’s awareness of environmental protection has been greatly improved nowadays. Accordingly, Unilever is exposed to the environmental risk which may result in the heavy fine and adverse reputation. Loss of Customers Unilever’s extraordinary achievement obtained nowadays is on the one hand because of the superior products it supplies and on the other hand is inseparable to the customers’ sufficient trust of the company and its brands. However, the following three factors may undermine customers’ trust to the company and its brandsï ¼Å¡ a. Products fail to meet high product safety standards. Quality inspectors in each state have set many standards and are doing lots of inspection work to ensure the safety of products sold in the market. In case the product is found insecure or with any shortcomings, customers will feel disappointed; b. Lack of new products and technical capability. Customers have quite high requirements on products. Lack of new products and technical capability will push customers to other supplier of similar consumer goods; c. The service and product provided by the competitive company is better than Unilever. Loss of customers’ trust may be caused by several reasons, while the result is simply the loss of the company’s cash flow and the damage of the company’s growth and profitability. Operation Risk Each step of Unilever’s business activity is separable to each other (Unilever Annual Report, 2009). For example, the company’s production of goods is conditioned by the timely and secure supply of the raw-material, while the successful sale of goods needs effective storage and distribution capability. However, the supply of the company’s raw material, mostly agriculture products, is based on the secure and sufficient agricultural production which may be influenced by weather, water scarcity, and farming practices. Similarly, the storage and distribution of products is usually influenced by the storage and distribution capability, the cost of it and the local social stability. Any issue of the foregoing may badly influence Unilever’s normal production and sale and subsequent cash flow, turnover, and profit and other business indexes. Risk of Employees and Talents Unilever is a company with more than 300 operation agencies in 88 countries, more than 1000 well-known brands and sells its products in more than 150 countries. Thus the successful operation of the company not only depends on the superior products, but also needs appropriately qualified employees. In the event that the company suffers high employment turnover rate, it may be exposed to the risk of high cost of training, suspended market share and loss of some investment opportunities which will impact the smooth development of the company and undermine the company’s capability of competitiveness in the market. Legal Risk Unilever is doing business in more than 150 countries. Different country has very different legal system and regulations concerning the employment, the product safety, the pricing, the intellectual property rights, the disclosure, the environment and other factors (Ian, 2009). Legal risk may probably bring a suit to the company and will do harm to the company’s reputation in local market. Other Risks exposed to but not identified or Elaborated by Unilever Unilever has found out and elaborated some risks exposed to the company; however, there are some risks which have not aroused Unilever’s great attention: Risk of New products Exploitation In order to confront the industrial competition, Unilever needs to exploit continually new products to attract customers and consolidate the relationship with customers. The exploitation of a new product basically involves following steps: design, research, selection of the scheme, the involvement and allocation of the resources, the production and promotion of the products. However, there are some uncertain factors existing in the process of new products exploitation, such as technology, market, fund and environment and each uncertain factor may lead to the unsuccessful exploitation, loss of cost or negative reputation to the company (Michel, 2001). Physical Risk A company is unavoidably exposed to some natural disasters or accidents (Jane, 2000), such as fire, windstorm or earthquake which will cause the property damage or employees’ body injury. Such damage or injury will cause the company’s normal operation affected and subsequently, turnover, cash flow and profitability will be impacted. Other risks The company is also exposed to other risks such as fiscal, tax and so on. Interaction of Risk Factors Economic Downturn ↠ → Market Uncertainties ↙â†â€" ↓↑ Risk of New Product Exploitation↠ → Financial Instability ↓↑ â†â€"↘ ↓↑ Legal Risk ↠ → Loss of Customers ↓↑ ↙â†â€" ↓↑ Risk of Employees and Talents ↠ → Operation Risk All risks illustrated above do not exist independently but rather influence interactively (Geert, 2008). The economic downturn will lead to the financial instability which may cause the company to operate adversely and the subsequent poor operation may cause the company to face more fierce industrial competition and environmental risk. The said issues are easy to lead to the loss of employees and talents which may also subsequently lead to poor operation and vice versa. To sum up, the factors function with each other and the company has to take some effective and holistic measures to defend these risks. Assessment of Unilever’s Risk Management Strategies Unilever has recognized that most of the risks exposed to it may become material obstacles to the company’s further development. Accordingly, it has tried to taken some effective and structured measures to identify and then exploit the key risk management strategies for the business (Michael, 2007). The specific risk management strategies it has exploited are as follows: 1. Unilever has been carefully monitoring economic indicators and consumer behavior in different areas through extensive and professional research in order to respond quickly and take new and flexible measures to meet the changing demand of customers. 2. In order to deal with the issue of financial instability, the company has been making efforts to get access to global debt markets through various ways such as short-term or long-term debt programs. Unilever attaches great importance to the fluctuation of interest rate, trying to have different types of financial services and balance the risks between floating and fixed rate interest after a professional prediction and assessment of the interest rate; Regarding to the foreign exchange rate, Unilever sets a policy which limits the operating companies’ financial foreign exchange exposures so as to minimize such risk. 3. Unilever has made a series of standards and policies for the procedure of design, manufacture, and distribution of products to ensure the high standards of products’ quality. Unilever also has a â€Å"Sustainable Development Group† which is comprised of five external specialists, engaging in the company’s development of the strategy. Unilever also has specific policy concerning products recall in case there’s products quality incident. 4.Unilever has set complete and effective contingency measures and system to ensure the material supply or to share the production task between different production sites or to use substitute materials in case of the lack of the material. The company also calculates the cost of transportation and distribution from time to time and to adjust the policy and service promptly to optimize the cost. These measures enable the company to operate well. 5. Unilever needs to find a way to attract, develop, train and retain qualified employees. The company has an admiring human resource system. It has established Resource Committees to identify employees’ skill and capability, define employees’ career paths. It also provides numerous opportunities for employees to improve their skills, leadership abilities through training and coaching. Meanwhile, Unilever shall take measures to enhance employee’s risk management ability. Ballou and Heiger (2005) propose â€Å"shifting the employee’s attitudes about risk management to include monitoring, measuring, and controlling certain risks while sharing, avoiding, and accepting that other risks will not occur effectively in a short period of time†. 6. Unilever has set policies to make sure employees follow policies and abide by local laws and regulations in all relevant aspects concerning its business and activities. Regarding those crucial issues and activities, the prior legal check and consent are needed in the company. In a word, Unilever has been making great efforts to build effective, reasonable and practicable strategies for risk management. The boards have overall responsibility for Unilever’s risk management and the company has a Code of Business Principles which stipulates the standards of business operation and requires employees to abide by the code. The above strategies enable Unilever to operate its business well in the global market. New Risks Exposed to Unilever and Recommended Risk Management Strategies Besides risk management strategies mentioned above, the writer will recommend some more strategies for Unilever and try to give it some ideas on better monitor and manage its risks. Transfer and Divert Risks In order to avoid the damages and losses brought by such risks to the development of the company, Unilever may select to transfer risks by applying for insurance. Modern insurance system is the idealist way to transfer risks (Mike, 2006). For example, Unilever may transfer the risks of property, employers’ liability and business interruption by applying for the insurance of Property All Risks, Employer’s Liability and Business Interruption so as to transfer risks to the insurance company. Establish an Effective Control System Risk management is not only to establish a risk management for business procedure, more importantly, the company shall establish a comprehensive and effective risk management control system to make sure the effective implementation of the risk management strategy. The company can establish a Risk Management Committee in the head office and shall be directly responsible for the board of directors. â€Å"The board needs to be consulted on matters of risk management and it needs to be able to give guidance to the risk management committee in its deliberations. To do this effectively the board needs to ensure the whole company is engaged in managing risk, thereby making it an intrinsic part of the company culture†. (Corporate Governance: An International Review, 2009, 546-558). The function of the Risk Management Committee is to implement the risk management, to be especially responsible for the risk supervision of the whole company and to make unified risk management policy and procedure; each branch of the company shall establish an independent risk supervisor, responsible for the risk management and to report the matter of risk to Risk Management Committee without consent of the local manager. Establish a Database of Risk Accidents Database of risk accidents is a tool to effectively predict and assess the risk. The data in the database shall include both internal and external data concerning risk accidents. â€Å" We can try to estimate how bad this problem is by looking at the historical severity of these events in relation to any risk factors that we define and then examining the prevalence of these risk factors†(Michel, Dan and Robert, 2001). Through correct analysis of such data, the company will learn a lesson and consider its risk management policy and procedure so as to judge whether the company will prevent the occurrence of the risk accident and how to take precautious measures to avoid the occurrence of similar accidents. Conclusion In conclusion, risks exist in the whole process of business operation, any company shall attach great importance to the risk management to effectively predict and avoid the risk. Unilever is a company which has well recognized its major risks and taken effective risk management strategies. Research on risk and risk management strategy is a long journey and need all employees of the company to make effort and abide by the policy and standards to monitor and manage risks proactively. References Ballou, B. & Heitger, D. L.2005. A building-block approach for implementation COSO: Enterprise risk management-integrated framework. Management Accounting Quarterly, 6(2):1-10. Geert Bouckaert and John Halligan, 2008, Managing performance: international comparisons. Routledge, 2008, pp221-225. Ian Brown, Adam Steen, and Julie Foreman. 2009. Risk Management in Corporate Governance. A Review and Proposal Corporate Governance: An International Review, 2009, 17(5):546-558. Jane Linder, Susan Cantrell, 2000, Changing Business Models: Surveying the Landscape, Business Publisher: Accenture, Pages: 1-15 Michel C., Dan G. and Robert M., 2001, Risk Management, McGraw-Hill. Michael R. Czinkota, Ilkka A. Ronkainen, 2007, International marketing, Cengage Learning, 2007, p417-422. Mike Walker. 2006. Managing international risk. International Business Briefings. The Institute of Risk Management. 2006. P 5-6. Unilever Annual Report, 2009, Unilever Annual Report, from: http://annualreport09.unilever.com/downloads/Unilever_AR09.pdf (Accessed on May, 25, 2011)

Spanish Verb Estudiar Conjugation, Usage, and Examples

Estudiar is a simple Spanish verb that means to study. It is a regular -ar verb, so it is conjugated similarly to other regular -ar verbs such as esperar, arreglar, and doblar. The verb estudiar can be used in any context when you would use the English verb to study, such as studying for an exam (estudiar para un examen). However, estudiar can also mean to consider, examine, or look into something, such as estudiar la posibilidad (consider the possibility) or estudiar una situacià ³n (examine a situation). In this article you can find the conjugations of estudiar in the present, past, conditional, and future indicative, the present and past subjunctive, the imperative, and other verb forms. Present Indicative Notice that in Spanish, the present tense can be used to talk about ongoing actions, which in English is only done with the present progressive. For example, Yo estudio arquitectura would most likely be translated as I am studying architecture. Yo estudio Yo estudio para ser doctora. I am studying to be a doctor. Tà º estudias Tà ºestudias italiano. You study Italian. Usted/à ©l/ella estudia Ellaestudia mucho para el examen. She studies a lot for the exam. Nosotros estudiamos Nosotrosestudiamos con nuestros compaà ±eros. We study with our classmates. Vosotros estudià ¡is Vosotrosestudià ¡is la situacià ³n cuidadosamente. You study the situation carefully. Ustedes/ellos/ellas estudian Ellosestudian en la biblioteca. They study in the library. Preterite Indicative There are two past tenses in Spanish. The preterite is used to describe past events that are completed. Yo estudià © Yo estudià © para ser doctora. I studied to be a doctor. Tà º estudiaste Tà ºestudiaste italiano. You studied Italian. Usted/à ©l/ella estudià ³ Ellaestudià ³ mucho para el examen. She studied a lot for the exam. Nosotros estudiamos Nosotrosestudiamos con nuestros compaà ±eros. We studied with our classmates. Vosotros estudiasteis Vosotrosestudiasteis la situacià ³n cuidadosamente. You studied the situation carefully. Ustedes/ellos/ellas estudiaron Ellosestudiaron en la biblioteca. They studied in the library. Imperfect Indicative The other past tense is the imperfect, which describes past actions that were ongoing or repeated. It can be translated to English as was studying or used to study. Yo estudiaba Yo estudiaba para ser doctora. I used to study to be a doctor. Tà º estudiabas Tà ºestudiabas italiano. You used to study Italian. Usted/à ©l/ella estudiaba Ellaestudiaba mucho para el examen. She used to study a lot for the exam. Nosotros estudià ¡bamos Nosotrosestudià ¡bamos con nuestros compaà ±eros. We used to study with our classmates. Vosotros estudiabais Vosotrosestudiabais la situacià ³n cuidadosamente. You used to study the situation carefully. Ustedes/ellos/ellas estudiaban Ellosestudiaban en la biblioteca. They used to study in the library. Future Indicative Yo estudiarà © Yo estudiarà ©para ser doctora. I will study to be a doctor. Tà º estudiarà ¡s Tà ºestudiarà ¡s italiano. You will study Italian. Usted/à ©l/ella estudiarà ¡ Ellaestudiarà ¡ mucho para el examen. She will study a lot for the exam. Nosotros estudiaremos Nosotrosestudiaremos con nuestros compaà ±eros. We will study with our classmates. Vosotros estudiarà ©is Vosotrosestudiarà ©is la situacià ³n cuidadosamente. You will study the situation carefully. Ustedes/ellos/ellas estudiarà ¡n Ellosestudiarà ¡n en la biblioteca. They will study in the library. Periphrastic  Future Indicative   The periphrastic future is usually translated to English as going to verb. Yo voy a estudiar Yo voy a estudiarpara ser doctora. I am going to study to be a doctor. Tà º vasa estudiar Tà ºvasa estudiar italiano. You aregoing to study Italian. Usted/à ©l/ella vaa estudiar Ellavaa estudiar mucho para el examen. She isgoing to study a lot for the exam. Nosotros vamosa estudiar Nosotrosvamosa estudiar con nuestros compaà ±eros. We aregoing to study with our classmates. Vosotros vaisa estudiar Vosotrosvaisa estudiar la situacià ³n cuidadosamente. You aregoing to study the situation carefully. Ustedes/ellos/ellas vana estudiar Ellosvana estudiar en la biblioteca. They aregoing to study in the library. Present Progressive/Gerund Form The gerund or present participle in Spanish is the -ing form in English, and it is used to form progressive tenses like the present progressive. Present Progressive ofEstudiar està ¡ estudiando Ella està ¡ estudiando mucho para el examen. She is studying a lot for the exam. Past Participle The past participle in Spanish usually ends in -ado or -ido. It can be used to form perfect tenses like the present perfect. Present Perfect of Estudiar ha estudiado Ella haestudiadomucho para el examen. She hasstudied a lot for the exam. Conditional Indicative The conditional tense is normally translated to English as would verb. Yo estudiarà ­a Yo estudiarà ­apara ser doctora si fuera mà ¡s joven. I would study to be a doctor if I were younger. Tà º estudiarà ­as Tà ºestudiarà ­as italiano si tuvieras tiempo. You would study Italian if you had time. Usted/à ©l/ella estudiarà ­a Ellaestudiarà ­a mucho para el examen, pero es muy perezosa. She would study a lot for the exam, but she is very lazy. Nosotros estudiarà ­amos Nosotrosestudiarà ­amos con nuestros compaà ±eros, pero ellos no quieren. We would study with our classmates, but they don't want to. Vosotros estudiarà ­ais Vosotrosestudiarà ­ais la situacià ³n cuidadosamente si fuerais detectives. You would study the situation carefully if you were detectives. Ustedes/ellos/ellas estudiarà ­an Ellosestudiarà ­an en la biblioteca si pudieran. They would study in the library if they could. Present Subjunctive Que yo estudie Mi madre sugiere que yo estudie para ser doctora. My mother suggests that I study to be a doctor. Que tà º estudies Mateo pide que tà º estudies italiano. Mateo asks that you study Italian. Que usted/à ©l/ella estudie El maestro recomienda que ella estudiemucho para el examen. The teacher recommends that she study a lot for the exam. Que nosotros estudiemos Carlos recomienda que nosotros estudiemoscon nuestros compaà ±eros. Carlos recommends that we study with our classmates. Que vosotros estudià ©is El juez sugiere que vosotros estudià ©is la situacià ³n cuidadosamente. The judge suggests that you study the situation carefully. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas estudien El bibliotecario sugiere que ellos estudien enla biblioteca. The librarian suggests that they study in the library. Imperfect Subjunctive The imperfect subjunctive has two different forms: Option 1 Que yo estudiara Mi madre sugirià ³ que yo estudiara para ser doctora. My mother suggested that I study to be a doctor. Que tà º estudiaras Mateo pedà ­a que tà º estudiaras italiano. Mateo asked that you study Italian. Que usted/à ©l/ella estudiara El maestro recomendaba que ella estudiaramucho para el examen. The teacher recommended that she study a lot for the exam. Que nosotros estudià ¡ramos Carlos recomendaba que nosotros estudià ¡ramoscon nuestros compaà ±eros. Carlos recommended that we study with our classmates. Que vosotros estudiarais El juez sugerà ­a que vosotros estudiarais la situacià ³n cuidadosamente. The judge suggested that you study the situation carefully. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas estudiaran El bibliotecario sugerà ­a que ellos estudiaran enla biblioteca. The librarian suggested that they study in the library. Option 2 Que yo estudiase Mi madre sugirià ³ que yo estudiase para ser doctora. My mother suggested that I study to be a doctor. Que tà º estudiases Mateo pedà ­a que tà º estudiases italiano. Mateo asked that you study Italian. Que usted/à ©l/ella estudiase El maestro recomendaba que ella estudiase mucho para el examen. The teacher recommended that she study a lot for the exam. Que nosotros estudià ¡semos Carlos recomendaba que nosotros estudià ¡semoscon nuestros compaà ±eros. Carlos recommended that we study with our classmates. Que vosotros estudiaseis El juez sugerà ­a que vosotros estudiaseis la situacià ³n cuidadosamente. The judge suggested that you study the situation carefully. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas estudiasen El bibliotecario sugerà ­a que ellos estudiasen enla biblioteca. The librarian suggested that they study in the library. ï » ¿Imperative To give someone an order or command, you need the imperative mood. Positive Commands Tà º estudia  ¡Estudia italiano! Study Italian! Usted estudie  ¡Estudie mucho para el examen! Study a lot for the exam! Nosotros estudiemos  ¡Estudiemos con nuestros compaà ±eros! Let's study with our classmates! Vosotros estudiad  ¡Estudiad la situacià ³n cuidadosamente! Study the situation carefully! Ustedes estudien  ¡Estudien en la biblioteca! Study in the library! Negative Commands Tà º no estudies  ¡No estudies italiano! Don't study Italian! Usted no estudie  ¡No estudie mucho para el examen! Don't study a lot for the exam! Nosotros no estudiemos  ¡No estudiemos con nuestros compaà ±eros! Let's not study with our classmates! Vosotros no estudià ©is  ¡No estudià ©is la situacià ³n cuidadosamente! Don't study the situation carefully! Ustedes no estudien  ¡No estudien en la biblioteca! Don't study in the library!